Marcus Garvey and the African-American Civil Rights Movement

Marcus Garvey and the African-American Civil Rights Movement The 1920’s were a period of struggle for African-Americans. Slavery was abolished, but blacks were still oppressed and were in no way equal to whites. However, at this time blacks were starting to make some progress toward racial equality. The Harlem renaissance started the first real sense of African-American culture through art, jazz, dance, and literature. There was also at this time the beginning of strong African-American movements to further the black race. A prominent movement was led by W.E.B Dubois that focused on educating blacks to create equality. On the other end of the political spectrum was Marcus Garvey, who led the movement for blacks to unite as a race†¦show more content†¦Garvey had to quit school and begin working when he was 14 (Sewell 18). By 1910, Garvey had made a name for himself in Jamaica as an accomplished printer, writer and politician. Garvey joined The National Club, the first organization in Jamaica which introduced anti-colonial thinking into Jamaica (Sewell 21). The inequality that Marcus Garvey encountered in the world outside of lower school in Jamaica was full of inequality and hatred for the black man. Garvey decided to leave Jamaica to see if blacks were treated the same way in other countries. Garvey spent the next two years, from 1910-1912, traveling around Central America experiencing the black condition in several countries (Sewell 18). He experienced the same condition around Central America as he found in Jamaica. So, he traveled to England to see if he found the same. In England, Garvey was pleasantly surprised. The blacks in England were not segregated, like in the west (Stein 29). Garvey took courses at Birbeck College in England. However, he studied a lot on his own, visiting museums and foll owing black leaders in England (Stein 29). Many of his ideas were developed during his stay in England (Stein 30). Garvey identified closely with the Pan-African movement in England. The main principle of this movement was to unify people of color against imperialism all over the world (McKissack 79). Garvey returned toShow MoreRelatedWas Marcus Garvey The Most Significant African American Civil Rights Leader?1606 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was Marcus Garvey the most significant African American civil rights leader in the period 1865-1945? The period between 1865 and 1945 saw some of the most dramatic social, political and economic changes in America. The key issue of black civil rights throughout this period was advocated and led by a range of significant, emotive and inspiring leaders. Marcus Garvey was a formidable public speaker and is often named as the most popular black nationalist leader of the early twentiethRead MoreAfrican Americ A Transformation For Blacks1390 Words   |  6 Pagesnumerous southern white men. African American had their opportunity again at the same time, they needed to battle to pick up suffrage and social liberties. December 1865 imprints the most critical crossroads in history for all African American in the United States of America. Black people was free once more. They were free from bondage be that as it may, the excursion to discover their character and to get themselves were restricted. After subjugation African American were upbeat to be free in anyRead More Marcus Garvey and W.E.B . Du Bois Impact the Fight for Racial Equality1050 Words   |  5 PagesMarcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois Impact the Fight for Racial Equality The beginning of the early twentieth century saw the rise of two important men into the realm of black pride and the start of what would later become the movement towards civil rights. Both Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois influenced these two aforementioned movements, but the question is, to what extent? Marcus Garvey, born in Jamaica, came to the United States on March 23, 1916 to spread his program of race improvementRead MoreRacial Discrimination1008 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Blacks Set Out in Search of a Better Life in 1920s American Society† published on VOA, â€Å"Many whites joined the Ku Klux Klan organization†¦ terrorized blacks. Klan members sometimes burned fiery crosses in front of the houses of black families. And they sometimes beat and murdered blacks†¦ hated blacks most of all† (VOA). Racial hatred was at an all-time high. White people physically attacked people of color and that was perfectly okay. African Americans lost their homes and family members, because whiteRead MoreThe s Theory Of Pan Africanism1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe oppression of Africans has been a prevalent source of pain and suffering since the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Political and economic systems have been designed to implement disenfranchisement for people of col or on all societal platforms. 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These four men’sRead MoreHarlem Renaissance : The Cultural And Artistic Explosion745 Words   |  3 Pageswas the most influential movement w here African Americans came together and created multiple things that was unique to their race such as; music, literature, poetry, and much more which really impacted the way African Americans stood up together in a country controlled by whites. After the end of slavery, many African Americans from the south migrated to industrial northern cities. This event was also known as The Great Migration. The urbanization of african americans was an important contributorRead MoreCapitalism Is A System Of Economic Enterprise Based On Market Exchange1403 Words   |  6 PagesScramble of Africa. The Scramble of Africa otherwise known as the Berlin Conference or the Conquest of Africa was the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism. Between 1881 and 1914 colonial powers superimposed their domains on the African continent to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa. Such beliefs led to the civilizing mission. The civilizing mission consisted of the Europeans strong beliefRead MoreReconstruction Failed For African Americans1112 Words   |  5 PagesReconstruction failed for African Americans. By the 1890’s all optimism t hat came as a result of the Constitutional rights guaranteed to them by the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments was gone. Their reality, particularly for those in the South, was one of lynchings, Jim Crowe laws, and voting restrictions. They faced discrimination, segregation, limited educational opportunities, and a tenant farming system that only slightly differed from slavery. In the early twentieth century, visionaries suchRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s The Fire Next Time 901 Words   |  4 Pages racial segregation and inequality of African Americans living in the United States. 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Global Citizenship †Towards a Definition Free Essays

string(96) " legal sanction than by â€Å"associational† status that is different from national citizenship\." Global Citizenship – Towards a Definition Taso G. Lagos Copyright protected under Taso G. Lagos. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Citizenship – Towards a Definition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Permission to cite should be directed to the author. Abstract: Global protest activity is on the rise. Demonstrations in Seattle in 1999, Genoa in 2001 and in dozens of other sites brought activists together from around the world and localized global issues in unprecedented ways. These and other activities suggest the possibility of an emerging global citizenry. Individuals from a wide variety of nations, both in the North and South, move across boundaries for different activities and reasons. This transnational activity is facilitated by the growing ease of travel and by communication fostered by the Internet and telephony. While it is hard to quantify these numbers, or to give global citizens a legally defined political status, these qualifications do not obviate the existence and influence of transnational activists seeking new institutional forms in an interdependent world. We examine global citizens as active political, social, environmental or economic agents in an interdependent world in which new institutional forms beyond nations are beginning to emerge. Introduction: By itself, citizenship has certain legal and democratic overtones. Conceptually, it is wrapped up in rights and obligations, and in owing allegiance to a sovereign state whose power is retained by the citizenry but with rights that are shared by all members of that state. We distinguish â€Å"citizen† from â€Å"national† or â€Å"subject,† the latter two implying protection of a state. Citizenship, as it has come down to us via the ancient Greeks and Romans, via the Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions, is tied into the emergence of members of a polity with specified privileges and duties. To speak of a â€Å"citizen† is thus to speak of individuals with distinct relationships to the state, along with the social status and power these relationships imply. The lift the citizen concept into the global sphere presents difficulties, not least of which is that global citizens are not legal members in good standing with a sovereign state. More importantly, there are no recognizable privileges and duties associated with the concept that would envelop global citizenship with the status and power (in an ideal world) currently associated with national citizenship. Since modern nation-states are the repositories and main expression of citizenship, discussion of global citizenship necessarily dictates an existence outside the body politic as we know it. If we follow Preston’s (1997) model of citizenship (â€Å"who belongs to the polity, how the members of the polity in general are regarded and how they exercise power†), then global citizenship cannot be expressed in any legal sense. It is, however, expressed in other ways that may have a significant and profound impact on the development of civic engagement and citizen-state relations. Three examples are worth mentioning. Since January 1, 2000, negotiations amongst WTO member states regarding the movement of professionals to and from member countries has taken place, under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, Article XIX. While this does not signal de facto recognition of trans-national citizens, it may indicate halting steps toward it. This is all the more significant given that around the globe there is greater and easier movement of goods than human beings. The European Community has taken halting steps to change this: it allows the free movement of its peoples to live, work, pay taxes and, significantly, to vote in other member states. Habermas (1994) notes this as a utilitarian model that may have greater implications than merely for Europeans; it is possible the model may be expanded in other regions of the world, or to the entire world itself. The ability of a Spaniard to pick up and move to Germany and be a â€Å"citizen† there indicates that notions of ties a country of origin may weaken. The Spaniard may be quite happy living in Germany and not wish to go back to Spain. Is she still a Spaniard, a German, or now a global citizen? Finally, there is the rising tide of individuals with more than one passport. Where once the U. S. State Department frowned on its citizens carrying more than one passport, the reality is that today that it is turning a blind eye. (In war, this may change). Many immigrants to the U. S. in the 1990s, a decade that saw the largest influx of newcomers to the state, came to work but still retained their old passports. While many immigrants permanently stay in the U. S. , many others either go back to the old country, or travel back and forth. If not global citizens, what label do we give them? T. H. Marshall (1949), in his classic study on citizenship, noted that citizenship as it arose in Western liberal democracies has both positive and negative connotations. In the positive sense, citizenship is an expression of activism on the part of citizens; in its negative quality, it is the freedom from bureaucratic control and intervention. If his theory is true, where does global citizenship fit into it? Very nicely it would seem. A visible expression of global citizenship is the many global activists who debuted spectacularly at the Battle in Seattle. These protestors continue to carry on in other venues, such as at meetings for the World Bank and the IMF, and most recently at the Summit of the Americas in Quebec City. Other activists fight for environmental protection, human rights to the impoverished and the unrepresented, and for restrictions on the use of nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Freedom from bureaucratic intervention seems to be a hallmark of global citizenship; the lack of a world body to sanction and protect these citizens also means to a certain degree freedom from bureaucratic control. To return to our Spaniard, how much control does Spain exercise over her when she lives in Germany? Towards a Definition: Since global citizens are not recognized legally, their existence may be best represented as â€Å"associatively. † 1. Global citizenship is less defined by legal sanction than by â€Å"associational† status that is different from national citizenship. You read "Global Citizenship – Towards a Definition" in category "Essay examples" Since there is no global bureaucracy to give sanction and protect global citizens, and despite intriguing models suggested by the EU, global citizenship remains the purview of individuals to live, work and play within trans-national norms and status that defy national boundaries and sovereignty. Assocational status in this realm does double duty. It serves to explain a unique characteristic of global citizenship while it also expresses that particular lighthouse of post-modernity known as â€Å"lifestyle politics. (Giddens, 1991, Bennett, 2000, et al) Steenbergen (1994) so far comes closest to explaining this relationship between global citizenry and lifestyle politics as more â€Å"sociological† in composition. Rather than a technical definition of a citizen â€Å"on his or her relationship to the state (p. 2), Steenbergen suggests that the global citizen represents a more wholistic version: you choose where you work, live or play, and therefore are not tied down to your la nd of birth. The greater number of choices offered by modern life (from consumer roducts to politics) lies at the root of lifestyle politics. (Franck, 1999) As Falk (1994) put it, in global citizenship there is the rudimentary institutional construction of arenas and allegiance — what many persons are really identifying with– as no longer bounded by or centred upon the formal relationship that an individual has to his or her own territorial society as embodied in the form of a state. Traditional citizenship is being challenged and remoulded by the important activism associated with this trans-national political and social evolution. 1994: 138) Traditional ties between citizen and the state are withering, and are replaced by more fragmented loyalties that explain lifestyle politics. Notions of ties between citizen and state that arose in the aftermath of the American and French Revolution, and the creation of the modern state after the 18th century no longer hold sway. It is not by coincidence, for example, that the first to receive the enfranchisement were adult males who also happened to serve in American and French armies. (Kaspersen, 1998) The citizen army today is replaced by the professional army, and a central cog in the bonds between state and citizen removed. Voting turnout decreases, and the public has low regard for politicians. With such loose ties between citizen and state, does the emergence of global citizenship seem farfetched? Many of newly emerging global citizens are actively engaged in global efforts – whether in business ventures, environmentalism, concern for nuclear weapons, health or immigration problems. Rather than citizenship, being the result of rights and obligations granted by a central authority, the lack of such authority gives primacy to the global citizens themselves: not a top-down but a down-up scenario. . While various types of global citizens exist, a common thread to their emergence is their base in grassroots activism. We may identify different types of global citizens, yet many of these categories are best summarized by their emergence despite a lack of any global governing body. It is as if they have spontaneously erupted of their own volition. Falk (1994) identified five categories of global citize ns which he named as, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ global reformers elite global business people global environmental managers politically conscious regionalists trans-national activists With the exception of global business people, the other categories have grassroots activism at their core. i If the Battle in Seattle is an applicable demonstration, these activists are responsible for their own activism rather than â€Å"granted† by an institution. This earmarks global citizenship as qualitatively different from the national variety, where rights and obligations came (even when fought and protested for) at the behest and generosity of the state. With global citizenship, individuals exercise communicational and organizational tools such as the Internet to make themselves global citizens. No government sanctioned this development. None, it seems, could. Jacobson (1996) noted this fracture of the state as dispenser of citizen rights and obligations, although he sees the decline of overall citizenship as a result. Keck and Sikkink (1998) on the other hand, regard such global activism as a possible new engine of civic engagement. These global activists, or â€Å"cosmopolitan community of individuals† (p. 213) as they call them, transcend national borders and skillfully use pressure tactics against both government and private corporations that make them viable actors on the merging global public sphere. A striking example of this pressure is the well-publicized anti-sweatshop campaign against Nike. Literally dozens of websites are devoted to exposing Nike’s labor practices in manufacturing shoes in overseas factories. In 1996, with the aid of Global Exchange, a humanitarian organization that later helped to organize the Battle in Seattle, Nike’s labor practices became the subject of increasing mainstream media attention. In the process, Nike was linked to sweatshop labor, a label it has tried to shed ever since. Is the Internet central in the development of these emerging global activists? The Internet and other technologies such as the cell phone play an instrumental role in the development of global activists, as do easy and cheap air travel and the wide use and acceptance of credit cards. But there are other forces at work: decline in civic engagement, rise of lifestyle politics, homogenization of products, conglomeration in media systems and communicational tools that let us know more about each other than ever before. Add to the mix the rising concern for universal human rights and for trans-global problems such as environmental degradation and global warming, the result is a landscape that tends to be more global than national. This is not the first time in the history of our civilization that society has been â€Å"internationalized,† but never has it been easier for average citizen to express herself in this globalized fashion – by the clothes she wears, soda she drinks, music she listens to (e. g. â€Å"world music†) and vacation land she visits. It is increasingly obvious that our identities, as Lie and Servaes (2000) and Scammell (2001) suggest, are tied to our roles as citizens. Scammell’s â€Å"citizen-consumers† vote with their purchases and are engaged in their communities to the extent they have the freedom to shop. Engagement, in this modern sense, is as audience members at a play clapping at the high points of drama. Can we say this is true of global citizenship? The evidence is scanty to make such judgment; if global activists are replaced by global citizens-consumers the sea change will be complete. 3. Global citizens may redefine ties between civic engagement and geography. The town hall meetings of New England and other regions of the U. S. seem increasingly supplanted by â€Å"electronic spheres† not limited by space and time. This heralds a potentially startling new mechanism in participatory democracy. If we return to the Spaniard living in Germany, what can we say about the geography of community? An output of modernity is greater and greater choice placed upon the individual; the social networks and systems that suited hundreds if not thousands of generations are breaking down in favor of personal choice and individual responsibility. No longer do we entirely rely on the social bulwarks of the past: the family, the community, the nation. Life is continually being â€Å"personalized. † Can the Spaniard still be called one while living in Germany? Absentee ballots opened up the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country. The Internet may carry this several steps further. Voting is not limited by time or space: you can be anywhere in the world and still make voting decisions back home. Most of our nation’s history has been bound up in equating geography with sovereignty. It did matter where you lived, worked, played. Since travel was expensive and cumbersome, our lives were tied to geography. No longer can we entirely make this claim. Thompson (1996), writing in the Stanford Law Review, suggests that we can do away with residency and voting in local elections. Frug (1996) even suggests that alienation in the way we regard our geography already creates a disconnect between it and sovereignty. If we are not entirely â€Å"home† at home, do boundaries make any difference anymore? This is not just an academic question, but one rife with rich and disheartening social and political possibilities. Global citizens float within, outside and through these boundaries. The implications seem significant. Many elements seem to spawn global citizenship, but one is noteworthy in this discussion: the continuous tension that globalization has unleashed between various forces local, national and global. An interesting paradox of globalization is while the world is being internationalized at the same time it’s also being localized. The world shrinks as the local community (village, town, city) takes on greater and greater importance. Mosco (1999) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of â€Å"technopoles,† or high-technologized city-states that hark back to classical Greece. If this trend is true, and I believe it is, then it seems global citizens are the glue that may hold these separate entities together. Put another way, global citizens are people that can travel within these various layers or boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world. 4. Any rights and obligations accorded to the global citizen come from the citizens themselves, growing public favor for â€Å"universal rights,† the rise of people migrating around the world, and an increasing tendency to standardize citizenship. Difference may exist on the cultural level, but in bureaucracies, increasing favor is placed on uniformity. Efficiency and utilitarianism lie at the core of capitalism; naturally a world that lives under its aegis replicates these tendencies. Postal agreements, civil air travel and other inter-governmental agreements are but one small example of standardization that is increasingly moving into the arena of citizenship. The concern is raised that global citizenship may be closer to a â€Å"consumer† model than a legal one. The lack of a world body puts the initiative upon global citizens themselves to create rights nd obligations. Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (e. g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war) are at the verge of being expanded. So new concepts that accord certain â€Å"human rights† which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments. This is the resul t of many factors, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e. . pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo). Couple this with growing awareness of our species’ impact on the environment, and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and self-determination. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global citizenship seems more accessible to them. One cannot overestimate the importance of the rise of human rights discourse within the radar of public opinion. What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts? Or, incarcerated as part of â€Å"ethnic cleansing? † Equally striking, are the pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle? Leary (1999), Heater (1999) and Babcock (1994) tend to equate these rights with the rise of global citizenship as normative associations, indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one that is more flexible and inclusive. If true, this places a strain in the relationship between national and global citizenship. Boli (1998) tends to see this strain as mutually beneficial, whereas Leary (1999) and McNeely (1998) regard the rupture between the two systems as merely evolutionary rather than combative. Like much of social change, changing scopes of modern citizenship tend to be played out in both large and minute spheres. Habermas (1994) tends to place global citizenship in a larger, social context, arguing that nation-states can be central engines of citizenship but culture can also be a powerful spurt. He regards the formation of the â€Å"European citizen† as a kind of natural epiphany of governmental conglomeration within the forces of globalization, only remotely alluding to the corporate conglomeration that has been both the recipient and cause of worldwide economic expansion. Others, including Iyer (2000) see globalization and global citizens as direct descendents of global standardization, which he notes, for instance, in the growing homogeneity of airports. Standardization and modernity have worked together for the past few centuries. Ellul (1964), Mumford (1963) and other scholars attack this as a form of oppression, in the same vein that Barber (1996) saw the proliferation of carbon-copy fast-food chains around the globe. Why not a set of basic citizen rights followed the world over? 5. Global citizenship may be the indirect result of Pax Americana. The 20th century, as well as the 21st, may be a time dominated by the United States. America’s domination of the WTO, IMF, World Bank and other global institutions creates feelings of imperialism among lesser nations. Cross national cooperation to counter American dominance may result in more global citizens. If economic, environmental, political and social factors push towards more global citizenry, we must also within this camp consider the ramifications of the post cold war world, or realpolitik. Modifying Marshall’s metaphor, we may ask if global citizenship is not a response to the changing factors and response against American domination? In the corporate world, conglomeration leads to larger and larger companies who merge to effectively work against other mega corporations. The evolution of the â€Å"United States of Europe† (in theory if not in practice) is in a similar vein; a reaction to the dominating power of the U. S. Other regional alliances may yet emerge. Within such trans-national ties may emerge greater acceptance of one another’s citizens, emulating the European model which Habermas, Bellamy (2000), and others so favor. These alliances may provide the bureaucratic backbone to make global citizenry about more than just lifestyles or personal politics. This development would also change the definition of national citizenry; global citizens may come to favor their status over those who have no such designation. Worse, there may emerge two tracks of citizenship: national and global, with the latter being more prestigious. Along with greater separation between rich and poor, educated and not, there would also be those relegated to living out their entire lives in one land, compared to those who freely travel to many. The darker aspects of this are not hard to miss. Clarke’s (1996) contention that citizenship tends to be more exclusive than inclusive would be borne out. Rather than McNeely’s (1998) flexible citizenship, or Preston’s (1997) multiple loyalty model, we get two separate tracks of citizenship that respond to prestige, wealth and power. Global citizens may be so favored that nations fight to attract them to their land, similar to today’s fight for corporate sites. Conclusion: To concretize what appears an amorphous concept – global citizenship – presents dangers, not least of which is the tendency towards speculation. Spending some time at an airport, especially one of the many airline frequent flyer lounges, reveals that global citizens exist and are a growing number. Within my own Greek immigrant community in Seattle, for example, there are several Greeks who split the year living between Greece and the U. S. I am hard pressed to call them either Greeks or Americans, since they do not fit neatly into either category (not that most ever do). Higher living standards than ever before in civilization’s history allow these dualities to exist. Increasingly, we put them into the camp of global citizenship. Capitalism, and the consumeristic child it has spawned, is particularly good at offering choices, and global citizenship may simply be another facet of this tendency, or what Bennett (unpublished, 2001) and other allude to as lifestyle politics. Any discussion on global citizenship thus must take into account the changing political climate of a globalized world. Scholars have already noted the emerging power struggle between corporations and global activists who increasingly see the nexus of de facto governance taking place more and more within the corporate world (and as mediated by communication technologies like the Internet) and not in the halls of representative government. Hence, the tendency on the part of activists to promote rallies and events like the protests at WTO, as more effective means of citizen participation and democratic accountability. The rise of security concerns as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11 have curiously both grown the importance of national states as well fostered more internationalism. U. S. President George W. Bush who during his election had difficulty remembering the names of heads of states has suddenly transformed into an internationalist with deep concerns for the affairs of other states. While this may be a temporary event with political overtones, the events of 9/11 suggest that the world has become more international than ever before. Whether global citizenship will follow in its wake is problematical. It is simply too early to tell. The role that global citizenship plays in this changing political landscape is a murky one. Yet the fact that there is a growing body of global citizens and their influence is increasingly felt on the world’s political stage indicates the need to observe and study these individuals in earnest. The attempt to begin developing a definition of global citizenship is a small step towards understanding their presence and influence better. i A case can be made to add academics, sports and artists in categories, but I shy away from this since their overall numbers tend to be small, if not limited. The world it seems can only support so many traveling artists and sport stars, and so a ceiling may be placed on their populations. Also, some concern is raised here regarding other globalists, such as those working for the UN, for example, but again, I tend to shy away from their categorization since their numbers can never expand beyond a limited population (given the resources of the organization, etc. . But with Falk’s categories, in theory, their numbers are limitless and therefore more tenable to categorize. Bibliography Babcock, Rainer, Transnational Citizenship (1994: Edward Elgar, Aldershot, England) Bauman, Zygmunt, Intimations of Postmodernity (1992: Routledge, London) Bellamy, Richard, â€Å"Citizenship beyond the nation state: the case of Europe,† from Political Theory in Transition, edited by Noel Oâ €™Sullivan (2000: Routledge, London) Bennett, W. Lance, News: the Politics of Illusion (1996: Longman, New York) Bennett, W. Lance, â€Å"Consumerism and Global Citizenship: Lifestyle Politics, Permanent Campaigns, and International Regimes of Democratic Accountability. † Unpublished paper presented at the International Seminar on Political Consumerism, Stockholm University, May 30, 2001. Best, Steven Kellner, Douglas, The Postmodern Turn (1997: Guilford Press, New York) Boli, John, â€Å"Rights and Rules: Constituting World Citizens† in Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy, edited by Connie L McNeely (1998: Garland, New York) Clarke, Paul Berry, Deep Citizenship ( 1996: Pluto Press, London) Eriksen, Erik Weigard, Jarle, â€Å"The End of Citizenship: New Roles Challenging the Political Order† in The Demands of CitizenshipI, edited by Catriona McKinnon Iain Hampsher-Monk (2000: Continuum, London) Falk, Richard, â€Å"The Making of Global Citizenship† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Franck, Thomas M. , The Empowered Self: Law and Society in the Age of Individualism (1999: Oxford University Press, Oxford)) Habermas, Jurgen, â€Å"Citizenship and National Identity† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbe rgen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Heater, Derek, What is Citizenship? (1999: Polity Press, Cambridge, England) Henderson, Hazel, â€Å"Transnational Corporations and Global Citizenship,† American Behavioral Scientist, 43(8), May 2000, 1231-1261. Iyer, Pico, The Global Soul (2000: Alfred A. Knopf, New York). Jacobson, David, Rights across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship (1996: Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore) Lie, Rico Servaes, Jan, â€Å"Globalization: consumption and identity – towards researching nodal points,† in The New Communications Landscape, edited by Georgette Wang, Jan Servaes and Anura Goonasekera (2000: Routledge, London) Kaspersen, Lars Bo, â€Å"State and Citizenship Under Transformation in Western Europe† in Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy, edited by Connie L. McNeely (1998: Garland, New York) Keck, Margaret E. Sikkink, Kathryn, Activists Beyond Borders (1998: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York) Kennedy, John F. Profiles in Courage (1956: Harper Brothers, New York) Leary, Virginia, â€Å"Citizenship, Human Rights, and Diversity,† in Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism, edited by Alan C. Cairns, John C. Courtney, Peter MacKinnon, Hans J. Michelm ann, David E. Smith (1999: McGill-Queens’ University Press, Montreal) McNeely, Connie L. , â€Å"Constituting Citizens: Rights and Rules† in Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy, edited by Connie L. McNeely (1998: Garland, New York) Mosco, Vincent, â€Å"Citizenship and Technopoles,† from Communication, Citizenship, and Social Policy (1999: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, England) Preston, P. W. Political/Cultural Identity: Citizens and Nations in a Global Era (1997: Sage, London) Scammell, Margarett, â€Å"Internet and civic engagement: Age of the citizen-consumer† found at http://jsis. artsci. washington. edu/programs/cwesuw/scammell. htm Steenbergen, Bart van, â€Å"The Condition of Citizenship† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Turner, Bryan D. , â€Å"Postmodern Culture/Modern Citizens† in The Condition of Citiz enship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Weale, Albert, â€Å"Citizenship Beyond Borders† in The Frontiers of Citizenship, edited by Ursula Vogel Michael Moran (1991: St. Martin’s Press, New York) How to cite Global Citizenship – Towards a Definition, Essay examples

Creative Non

Creative Non-Fiction Road Rage Essay Road rage: noun; violent anger caused by the stress and frustration involved in driving a motor vehicle. For some, road rage makes its appearance easier than others. Unfortunately, Im one of those people. It was 5:30 on a Friday afternoon; prime time for rush hour traffic. It had also been one of the busiest days at work since the car dealership project had begun. I was beyond ready to go home, change into my sweatpants and watch 8 Mile for about the tenth time. However, even though I was exactly 8 miles from my house, it was about to take me half an hour to get home. After a day filled with spreadsheets, bitching from subcontractors, and the disarrangement of my boss, anyone would be feeling a little stressed. The last thing I wanted to do was deal with incompetent individuals who didnt know how to drive their cars. On top of it being rush hour combined with my office being directly off of route one, it started to rain. For some reason, even the smallest rain drop seems to erase all common sense from drivers. I gathered all my things from my office, made sure my computer and the lights were all turned off, and began to make my venture home. I put on my favorite CD in an attempt to drown out the noise of my blinker which had been on for about five minutes now. Even the click-clock   sound of my blinker was beginning to irritate me at this point. Everyone was going a maximum speed of about 15mph, which confused me even more as to why they wouldnt let me pull out. God forbid they become one more car behind on their race to the red light  ¦. Finally, a middle-aged woman must have sensed the aggravation in my facial expression and flashed her lights signaling me to join her in the traffic jam. Like predicted, it took me about ten minutes to go less than a mile. At this point, I dont think there was anyone who wanted to make it home more than I did. After taking a look in my rearview mirror, I realized I was wrong. There was a silver Honda Accord coupe quickly approaching going about 50mph in the breakdown lane. Every part of me wanted to do the exact same thing that person was doing, except for the voice in my head telling me I had just gotten pulled over in the same spot about a week prior. My luck, hed get away with it and Id be the one stuck explaining to the officer that I just really wanted my sweatpants. I envied this person until he got about 50 feet from my car and decided that he would attempt to squeeze in the half-car length space between me and the SUV in front of me. Then, the typical hand gestures began along with a few choice words for this impatient, pompous asshole. Both my hands flew up in the air, accompanied by non-intimidating car alarm. The man then proceeded to flip me off and continued on his way. Most of the time in these types of situations I head home with no retaliation and try to take the mature route. Today was not that day. I rode his ass with my brights on for about a mile until I saw my exit about 100 feet ahead on the right. Still only traveling at about 20mph, I rolled down my window, gave the man a nice little bump with the left-front of my car into the right side of his rear-bumper, flipped him off and politely told him to enjoy his weekend.

The New York City Ballet Essays - Ballet Choreographers,

The New York City Ballet THE NEW YORK CITY BALLET Ballet, what exactly is ballet your probably wondering? well ballet is a classical dance form characterized by grace and precision of movement and elaborate formal technique, often but not always performed on point by the women dancers. Lincoln Kirstein, a very wealth man, founded the New York City Ballet in 1933 as the American Ballet. He imported George Balanchine to New York that year for the purpose of having an American school company in the best Russian tradition. The choreographer was, of course, Russian-Parisian, and his point of view and style was mainly European, as was the entire teaching staff, but the performing personnel was local, and it hoped that under the director of the master, native choreographers and teachers would in time develop. After three years, the company suspended operations. A splinter group, Ballet Caravan directed by Kirstein himself, kept the flame going. It was this group that produced Billy and the Kid (Loring, Copland, Jared French), the first real American Masterpiece and it was this group that progressed the development of Michael Kidd, William Dollar, Lew Christensen, and Ruthanna Boris. Even though the ballet company was not making any progress for eleven years, the American Ballet School never closed there doors and has trained a generation of eligible dancers. In 1947, after twelve-year hibernation, Kirstein revived the performing company with Balanchine again in charge. It had been posted in all trade schools (no theaters were then regularly available for dance companies) and after a two-year move to the New York City Center Theater. In the following decade, it became one of the leading ballet companies in the world. It is however, entirely under the power of Balanchine and all comes down to his personality and style. The addition of Jerome Robbins in 1949 as co-director somewhat expanded the horizon of the New York City Ballet. The company has toured Europe, Russia, and Orient. It is building up a lot of financial security and has very bright plans in the future. It has also acquired the largest, the most faithful, intelligent, and enthusiastic audience in the American theater world. This is a quote from Agnes De Mille ?When you perform?you are out of yourself ?larger and more potent, more beautiful. You are for minutes heroic. This is power. This is glory on earth. And it is yours nightly?. Theater

Leadership and the Madonna Beer Scare †Management Essay (100 Level Course)

Leadership and the Madonna Beer Scare – Management Essay (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Leadership and the Madonna Beer Scare Management Essay (100 Level Course) This trimester for my leadership project Heather Jones, Cara Livornese, and I once again hosted â€Å"The Madonna Beer Scare†. By working with the SMART program the second time around with the Beer Scare, we were able to specifically work on individual parts of the bear scare to make the overall result great. Starting late into the year it was hard to apply time-wisely to our project, But we acted as best and quick as we could. When the bear scare was hours away it was as if realistic didn’t apply we did things I never could imagine yet in a sense it was realistic. At the end of the night even though we were exhausted the compliments and smiles were endless, at that moment we knew our success was truly measurable. I feel as an individual I gave a lot into making the bear scare happen. I spent many hours shopping, setting up, plotting, as well as calling local grocery stores for donations. I gave my best because I knew if I didn’t I would let Madonna down. After all I am Vice President I should be setting examples so hopefully, next year kids will take on the Bear Scare and really see how hard I worked. But I didn’t do this alone I had much appreciated help from Heather (my co-host for the Bear Scare) without her this wouldn’t be possible. At times where I found myself slacking off, Heather would be right there to pick me up and put me to work again. She worked just as hard as I did and really made a great effort. As for Cara Livornese I felt she didn’t contribute enough to the Bear Scare to be recognized for it. I felt as if she was only in with â€Å"helping† because were her friends and she didn’t care what she did. Leadership is about finding something your passionate about and incorporating it into a project. Not about getting credit for something you did unwillingly. I chose to do the Bear Scare again because I enjoy working with kids of all ages. I love to have kids walk around school and say â€Å"wow she is a great leader† because I am trying to set an example not only for the millions of cousins I have at Madonna but for everyone. As an elder at Madonna it is all of our 8th graders jobs to show the younger students how to be a role model. This years 2004 Leadership class has given me a lot, but some of the gifts I have been given stand out more then the others. I learned â€Å"With great power comes with great responsibility.† I never realized how many kids look up to me, at the night of the bear scare when I began cleaning up kids noticed and started doing the same. If they did as I did and I was a horrible leader I would lead them down the wrong path. It was amazing to see that I could have such a big impact on those little kids’ lives. Without this class I don’t think I would have ever realized that. Now that I know I feel I must keep up with my good work, and please Madonna as a whole. I thank you personally Mrs. Jones because without you, there would be no leadership class. Without it some kids could have ended up going down the wrong path. Leadership is not only about being a leader its taking charge, walking down your own path leading followers the right way your own way. I took a stand and can’t wait to see who’s bound to take one next. Thanks again. Research Papers on Leadership and the Madonna Beer Scare - Management Essay (100 Level Course)Hip-Hop is ArtBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenLifes What IfsAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized Testing

How to Alphabetize a List in Microsoft Word

How to Alphabetize a List in Microsoft Word Any list of items presented in either an ordered (i.e., numbered) or unordered (i.e., bulleted) manner within Microsoft Word may be sorted in alphabetical order, in either ascending or descending sequence. Word allows sorts by text, by number, and by date, and even permits three levels of sorting that either includes or ignores a header row, if the first item in the list is a header. Alphabetize a List in Word 2007 to Word 2019 Microsoft support provides these instructions, which are essentially identical to Word 2007: Select the text in a bulleted or numbered list.On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Sort.In the Sort Text dialog box, under Sort by, click Paragraphs and then Text, and then click either Ascending or Descending. Modify these drop-downs and radio buttons to sort as you intend. In addition to sorting by text, you can sort by date and number. Paragraphs Within Lists Even though youre working with either a numbered or bulleted list, Word assumes that every item in the list is a paragraph and it will sort according to that logic. More Organizational Options in Word Word offers a range of possibilities for organizing your text. In addition to ordinary alphabetizing from A-Z, you can also: Alphabetize from Z-AOrganize numerically in ascending or descending orderOrganize by ascending or descending dateSort by fieldsSort by headersSort in one way and then in another (by number and then letter, for example, or by paragraph and then by header)

The Accounting Treatment and Disclosures Related To Three Types of Com Essay

The Accounting Treatment and Disclosures Related To Three Types of Compensation and Other Benefits - Essay Example These services generally have many beneficial impacts on the organization. As such, it is important to reward the employees adequately in the form of compensation and other benefits. The compensation benefits include a set of programs which are aimed at attracting capable employees to a company. The compensation benefits help to motivate the employees to perform better and also help to retain more skills within the organization. A satisfactory compensation will help in reducing the attrition rate in a company and also contribute significantly to human resource management in a business. The three types of compensation benefits considered in this report are share-based compensation which includes stock options and restricted stocks, pension plans and regular base compensation. Share-based compensation is becoming more popular among the local as well as multinational organizations. The benefits of share-based compensation are many. The most noticeable advantage of share-based compensation is that it gives a sense of inclusion to the employees as the share-based compensation is associated with privileges of equity ownership. The main purpose of the share-based compensation benefits is to support the interests of the shareholders, employees as well as the management of the company. If the employees have a stake in the company through the ownership of certain shares, it is highly likely that the employees will perform better to ensure that the sales and profit level of the company is increased. An increase in the profitability and revenue generation of the company would result in an increase in the share prices of the company. If the employees are given share-based compensation benefits, an increase in the share prices would mean benefit for the employee as well. Thus, this acts as a win-win situation for the managers, investors as well as the employees of a business. Share-based compensation is common to both established companies and startup companies.  

Innovation, Ethics & Change-Hypocrisy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation, Ethics & Change-Hypocrisy - Essay Example The resistance change is human nature and the employees should undergo certain training to accept change. The managers are also encouraged to ensure the employees’ opinions with regard to certain changes, whether positive or negative is not held against them. This discourse is about guidance to help employees accept change within organizations. There are several reasons why various employees resist change. Some employees could be perfect in their areas of duties. For instance, an employee could choose to associate himself with other races or tribes as this could seem as a let down to his personality and even the family. Such employees will always address his peers sarcastically to discourage them from further participation. The managers should identify such employees and guide them or counsel them since such attitude could limit the overall productivity of an organization ( Kegan & Lahey 2001). Mistakes in any working organizations are to both the employees and even the managers. The global financial crisis was a mistake of the topmost leaders in the financial institutions as well as the legislators. The legislators involved despised opinions of various experts and their decisions still have an impact on the global economy to the current date. We may have the urge to accept change but there are factors called the sidetracks that may limit our abilities to embrace such changes. One of the sidetracks is the ‘forces within’ and these are our personal thoughts that encourage resistance to change. This could also be attributed to the people surrounding us. The emotional attachment could also hinder us from accepting changes, for instance, Yahoo boss turned down deal termed as one of its kind, when Microsoft was ready to buy its search engine at $22 B, in 2008.

Metropolitan Opera House Essay Example for Free

Metropolitan Opera House Essay Maria Callas gives an outstanding performance at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York. This is unsurprising as Callas was one of the most famous sopranos of her time and a recognised Diva. The Newspaper review is gushing in praise of Callas who gives a powerful and convincing performance. It is noted that the reviewer had some reservations on a previous performance but the performance of Violetta in La Traviata left the reviewer in no doubt that Callas gave a performance that was the best interpretation he had ever witnessed in all his time attending and reviewing operas. The performance as Viloletta is a more congenial part than previously seen by the reviewer and it has so much passion and personal interpretation that it is difficult to distinguish between the dramatic and vocal performances. The whole performance seems real and the acting and singing become one, the perfect operatic qualities. The words in an opera can seem disjointed and difficult to express when read without music and it is Callas who brings the script and plot alive by sewing all the parts together to make an outstanding dramatic performance in conjunction with the musical performance by the orchestra.. She still had the slight wobble in her voice which is evident on the CD in some places, for example at 1:19 and 02:00 when the singing becomes fortissimo. However her reputation as a performer was so great that her fans and the reviewer where able to forgive this perceived fault and even claim that it added to the intensity of her performance. It shows emotion in the voice and this adds to the tragic quality of the roles often played by female opera singers. The CD shows a wide range of singing from the initial pianissimo start and the pizzicato accompaniment from the string section building up to 1:13 when Callas builds to an ornament at 1:19. The whole performance is very smooth and displays and you can hear the passion in Callas’ voice when she expresses her feelings. The reviewer mentions her striking presence which is an important part of opera throughout the world. Callas’ presence was reinforced by her status as a Diva and her reputation was worldwide. She had performed for the previous 7 years at La Scala in Milan to triumphant reviews and had gained publicity 4 years earlier when her appearance changed dramatically having lost 30 kilos in weight. She was married to a prominent businessman and Opera lover and was on the verge of starting a relationship with a world famous shipping magnate. Callas was portrayed as a Diva in much the same way as someone like Madonna is today and the public interest in her life only served to fuel her presence and reputation on the stage. Opera is performance on a grand scale so much so that opera venues are some of the grandest, most iconic and well recognised places in the world, for example the Sydney Opera House. Those who succeed in such an environment must be larger than life personalities. Maria Callas was certainly a Diva and her life was followed and reported by fans and the press alike. Her life was lived in the glare of publicity and even though she led a private life following her retirement in 1965 she still attracted great interest when she made public appearances. It is easy to see the appeal of her character and that many people liked to think of her as a tragic heroine due to difficult events in her life. In many ways this mirrored the Operatic roles she played with so much conviction it sometimes blurred the boundaries between reality and performance.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Before the death of Old Major the animals are inspired to rebel against the humans. They join together as a strong team to eventually, in chapter two, drive Mr. Jones from the farm. The Seven Commandments are soon developed with all the animals contented as equals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right from the beginning of the rebellion, the pigs can be seen to be taking charge, â€Å"then Snowball and Napolean called them together again, ‘Comrades’, said Snowball, ‘it is half past six and we have a long day before us.† This quotation from chapter two shows the pigs giving out orders to the other animals and acting as a new Mr. Jones, but seemingly nicer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the story, the animals begin the trust the pigs more and more, allowing themselves to be told what to do and be taken in with blind devotion. The pigs act on their newly gained trust and by the end of the story are able to lie back on their laurels and run the farm from the comfort of Mr. Jones’ armchair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rebellion fails due to the blindness of the animals, accepting each other as equal, but do not notice the pigs adding new rules to suit themselves, ‘no animal shall kill another animal without due cause.’ The executions in chapter seven show clearly the animals’ naivety towards the fast approaching leadership of the pigs. During the killings, the animals stand back and do not do a thing. Some animals, like Benjamin, suspect the overthrowing of the rebellion, but are afraid to do anything alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rebellion was doomed to failure from the beginning. The pigs easily won the animals over with propaganda. An example of this came soon after the rebellion and the drawing up of the Seven Commandments, with the pigs justifying their need for milk and apples with lies and threats of Jones’ return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Squealer uses propaganda such as rhetorical questions, lies and threats to convince the animals to believe the pigs. Unfortunately for the animals, they are easily led. If it were not for their blind devotion, trust and naivety, they could easily see how the pigs gradually gained power. The pigs also use the dogs as force to keep the animals ‘in line’, discouraging them from trying to rebel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœUnited we stand’ would have worked well for the animals in this case. One animal, Benjamin, did not stand up and face his suspicions, which could have resulted in the return of the phrase ‘all animals are equal’, instead of letting it go so far for the pigs to add ‘but some are more equal than others’ to the end.

Easyinternetcafe Case Essay

Executive Summary: Due to poor financial performance, EasyInternetCafe has decided divert from large cafes to a franchise model with smaller cafà © sizes. Its main goal is also to focus on its core competencies such as the yield management model. In order to do so, it will be outsourcing its non-core competence activities which include logistics. Ingram Micro has been chosen as the logistics provider as they offer more full service activities while remaining at a lower cost than its competitors. By including Ingram Micro in corporate decisions and meetings, EIC can keep Ingram Micro accountable and stay updated with issues as they arise (just as they would if they owned the logistics arm of the Company). Issues Identification: EasyInternetCafe (EIC) was launched in 1999 under the umbrella of the EasyGroup. Their mission is to provide customers with internet access at low costs and to capitalize on the tech boom. Despite the excellent support and recognition from the public, EIC is experiencing adversity of keeping their business profitable after the â€Å"dot-com† bubble burst. The first store was opened in Europe with 330 PCs at a single location and this business plan of owning many large cafes that could house 250-500 PC terminals at each cafà © has not worked. They have decided to restructure their business by downsizing the cafes. They propose to do this by using the franchise business model. These franchised stores will be smaller and house 20-30 PC terminals and only need staff for basic maintenance. EIC believes that by being less involved with the operations of the stores, they can focus on their core competence and outsource all non-core activities. Their core competence is their yield ma nagement model associated with the â€Å"Easy† brand. EIC’s goal was to open 10 stores per week over the next 2-3 years and in order to achieve this, a cost-efficient and flexible logistics system is what EIC needs to have in place so that their franchisee stores are provided with equipment and setup. Because logistics is one of the non-core activities, the present logistics system will be critically reviewed and the outsourcing options would be evaluated. Another issue easyInternetcafe is facing is there is no real strategic operating plan on how easyInternetcafe plans to supply and open each new franchise’s. This is an integral part of cost cutting to help with the losses that have been experienced by the  company. As a result of not having a strategic plan in place, this is resulting in increased costs being incurred for the setup of new stores, increased logistics and transportation costs, and bottlenecks happening with logistics, as they can only open as many stores as they can ship to and set up. This results in a strain on scalability, efficiency and bottlenecks for successful growth. Root Cause and Environmental Analysis: EasyInternetcafe currently is trying to re-vamp the internet cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s in hopes to increase profits and investments. In 2003 it was determined in order to eliminate the need for future investments in new stores the strategy would change, and stores would now be appointed as franchisees, and if possible for existing legacy stores (i.e. company-owned) as well. However, kicking of the operations of franchises will require time and even though with this new strategy of opening smaller stores with only 20-30 PCs will still need months and resources to start. Each store opening is like a â€Å"project† with the ending point being the opening of the store and some of these issues being logistical ones. From the predecessors plan, we can see the timetable for each activity. Since some activities overlap but we can calculate the total length of time as follows. Activity A +B + C + E + F + J + K = 7 + 28 + 28 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +1 = 70 This means that the average duration it should take to open the cafà © is 70 days. The current plan in place is to have 10 stores open per week over the next 2-3 years, these new franchised cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s would be unmanned and no staff would be required at any store aside from the regular maintenance. The cost of logistics is not calculated accurately as it is shown as approximately  £1300 for opening new stores; however this did not include outbound transport to the franchise.  £602 per store was included for easyInternetcafe labor costs. After looking at calculations and the forecasting of opening 4 new stores per week over the next 3 years the annual logistics costs (excluding outbound transport costs) would total approximately  £270,000; which included labour of  £125,250 based of 208 store openings per year. Options and Alternatives: In order to help reduce costs four alternatives have been found. Two of the options are considered to be pure logistics service provides and two are categorized as integrated supply chain solution provides. UPS requires  easyInternetcafe to procure equipment and arrange with suppliers to deliver it to the UPS warehouse. Once equipment arrives, UPS will consolidate orders, configure equipment, kit it together on pallets and arrange the transportation to the franchise store locations. Some pros and cons of UPS Global Logistics is, UPS will provide warehousing, however UPS will not maintain billing services, and the total cost of implementing the UPS proposal is  £1110 of which  £477 is easyInternetcafe labour costs. Similar services are offered by Excel to that of UPS, with the addition of supplier management services. Some of the pros are Excel would appoint two dedicated personnel, a contracts manager, and an administrator, they would also manage present stock, forecast store openings, manage purchase requirements, and co-ordinate and manage delivery as well as returns. Excel would also be the point of contact for franchisees and manage the whole accounts. The con of this service is implementation would cost  £57,000 per year. Estimated costs per store would be  £1,434 of which  £957 was logistics costs and  £477 labor cost. Complete IT supply chain services are provided globally by Globalserve, including IT procurement. Some pros in regards to Globalserve are they make Value Added Resellers (VAR) for franchises in several countries. Also, product is directly delivered to the different franchises. Some of the cons are cost; Globalserve would charge a transaction fee of 3.25% and a local reseller mark-up of 5%, of the equipment purchase value for each transaction. Also included would be a one-off cost for service set up amounting to  £10,000 and a  £2,000 set up cost per country. Total cost per store would be  £1,875+ labor costs of  £381, totalling  £2,256 per store; the highest of all three alternatives thus far. The last option is Ingram Micro which is the largest B2B trade-only wholesale provider of technology products and services. The pros of this provider are they are a warehouse and transportation facility and they also provide computer configuration as well as a billing facility which would direct bill to each franchise. Two options to consider with this company are Option 1 which would total  £560 which included supply, stock, configure kit together,  and transport and collect payments for easyInternetcafe. Option 2 which would total  £1,453 would include providing logistics, but not procurement. Recommendation and Implementation: From the four proposals, Ingram appears to be the most suitable for EasyInternetCafe. Of the other options, UPS does not want any risk by maintaining the billing system. Because of this, EIC will still need to provide these services even though it is not part of their core-competencies. Exel practically offers the same service as UPS (including billing services) but includes the hiring of a contracts manager and administrator, of which, contribute to a higher logistical cost than UPS. Globalserve will add Value Added Resllers for the franchise in several countries. They will deliver the products locally and collect the costs of equipment and delivery charges from the franchisee directly. Although their labour cost is lower than UPS and Exel, their logistics cost is higher than the two. The last option, Ingram, provides a warehouse facility, directs billing to the franchise, has a transportation facility, and provides IT equipment. For all this, they only charge 560 GBP. If EIC buys their IT equipment separately, they will need to spend 1,357 GBP in comparison. That being said, choosing Ingram allows EIC to focus on their core competencies while using a financially beneficial logistics provider. Monitor and Control: In order to monitor how well a job Ingram is doing, EasyInternetCafe will need to be provided with weekly updates on inventory levels for all things EIC uses. Having these reports will allow EIC to determine where they stand logistically and can integrate their sales and operations together to improve growth (e.g. number of franchisee openings). Further, even though the logistics portion is being outsourced, it is very important to think of them as an extension of the body (business) and not separate. Including the logistics managers in Company meetings or huddles allows EIC to keep track of any issues that may arise. Site visits to the warehouses and operational areas will also help to maintain the relationship and show Ingram that EIC cares and values what they do. Once everything is running smoothly, meetings will be able to be moved to quarterly then semi-annually. It will be important to continue meetings so that if problems arise they will be  caught in a timely manner, this will help with the success of the business as well as ensure the company remains profitable.

Science Report on Spinosaurs

DATE: January 24, 2013 NAME: Carl Kallies SCIENCE REPORT: Dinosaurs – Spinosaurus The Spinosaurus is my favorite of all the dinosaurs. It was made famous in the movie Jurassic Park 3, one of my favorite movies. Scientists estimate Spinosaurus to be 40 to 56 feet or 12 to 17 meters from head to tail. Spinosaurus’ body looks a lot like that of T-Rex, but there are a couple of obvious differences. Of course, T-Rex didn’t carry that large sail-like fins made of 6-foot spines.And the front arms of the Spinosaurus are heavier and longer than T-Rex’s arms. Some scientists think this means that Spinosaurus used them for walking, while others say these strong front arms could really get a grip on dinner. The head of Spinosaurus was longer, more narrow, and not as heavily built as that of T-Rex. Whoever named this beast wasn’t having the most creative day. Spinosaurus means â€Å"spiny lizard. † There were large spines extending from the vertebrae alon g its back.And when I say large, I mean they could grow up to 6 feet long! Most researchers believe that the spines were covered with a membrane of skin that filled in the spaces between the spines, sort of the way webbing fills in the spaces between the â€Å"toes† of a duck This made a sail-like fin that could have helped control body heat. Some researchers think that the sail could have been extended or collapsed at least to some extent. Perhaps then the sail could be used to get some other dino’s attention.Spinosaurus was discovered in 1912 by a German paleontologist. Ernst Stromer found the first and most complete specimen in Egypt. Sadly, this specimen was destroyed during the bombing of Munich in WWII. No Spinosaurus since Stromer’s first find have been as complete. The long narrow snout of Spinosaurus contained jaws full of sharply pointed teeth. Unlike the steak knife serrations of T-rex teeth, Spinosaurus teeth were smooth and round.Because of the rese mblance to the bite of crocodiles, where the upper teeth of the Spinosaurus interlock with the lower teeth, scientists think Spinosaurus might have had a diet consisting primarily of fish. To add weight to the fish diet theory, acid etched Fish scales have been found in Spinosaurus stomachs. While their bodies are well-adapted for meat, their particular variety may have been of the swimming type. I think that the Spinosaurus is one of the best dinosaurs ever discovered.

Senate Seats up for Election in 2016

Senate Seats up for Election in 2016 Republicans had a huge year in the 2010 elections following the rebellion by conservatives over President Obamas big government push. As a result, Republicans have a big task ahead of them in defending many competitive seats. The Democrats faced a similar situation in 2014 after having more than 20 seats to defend thanks to the success of the party in 2008. In that cycle, many toss-up and red-state Democrats faced re-election for the first time since casting a ballots for Obamacare, and lost. Will Republicans avoid the same fate? (Senate seats are up for election every six years, with approximately 1/3 of the seats up every two years.) Safe Republican Seats Up for Re-election The GOP should have 24 seats to defend out of the overall 34 seats up for election. Luckily, 18 of those seats will start in the likely Republican column. While many of these seats were held by Democrats before 2010, they were still red seats at heart and Obamacare helped end the myth of the blue dog Democrats. The likely safe seats include Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Utah. While Iowa is the one state on this list twice won by President Obama, popular US Senator Chuck Grassley should have little trouble winning re-election. With the right recruit, Democrats can be competitive in any number of these seats, but they start off in the safe zone for the GOP. (See a complete breakdown of all 24 Republican seats up for re-election.) Big Races for Republican Incumbents These are the six seats that Democrats will likely target in 2016 as many of them featured some surprising and unexpected results in 2010. Democrats will be hoping to ride the coat-tails of a possible Hillary Clinton Presidential run to propel big victories in the states. Florida - Marco Rubio is running for President. He has opted not to try to simultaneously run for the Presidency and the US Senate, and current state laws would have prevented him from doing so. The field is wide open on the both the Republican and Democratic sides.Illinois - Moderate Mark Kirk won a close election (2 points) over close Obama friend Alexi Giannoulias in 2010. Illinois is a fairly blue state, but Kirk has had plenty of success there. Democrats have rallied around congresswoman Tammy Duckworth who will provide a very stiff challenge.New Hampshire - Kelly Ayotte had a blowout, 24-point victory in 2010. She will probably be a strong bet for re-election and at least one early poll showed her in a strong position even against one of the states top Democrats. The Democrats have recruited Governor Maggie Hassan to challenge Ayotte.Ohio - The good news for Republicans is they had huge victories in three of the five most competitive seats for 2016. Ohio follows Florida and New Hampshire as a state where the incumbent will be coming off big double-digit victories. Here, Rob Portman cruised to a 57-39% victory over his Democratic opponent in 2010. The Democrats have rallied around former Governor Ted Strickland and polls have showed a tight race. Pennsylvania - Like Illinois, Pennsylvania will be a big question mark. Pat Toomey had a 2-point victory in 2010 and will need to rely on his work over the previous six years to improve that. A strong Presidential run by a Democrat could give the potential challenger significant coat-tails in this race.Wisconsin - The big surprise of 2010 was Ron Johnsons 52-47 victory over progressive US Senator Russ Feingold. Johnson has proven an odd state to handicap given its support for both President Obama and constitutional conservative Scott Walker as Governor. Russ Feingold has decided to try and win his seat back, and early polls show he might be able to do it. Safe Democratic Seats Up for Re-election The Democrats should only have 10 seats up for election in 2016. Luckily for them, most of these will be safe. After all, these Democrats are the lucky few who survived the tea party sweeps in 2010. The early safe bets are California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Most of these seats should survive incumbent retirements as well. (See all 10 Democratic Senate seats up or re-election in 2016) Big Races for Democratic Incumbents Colorado - This is one of the seats that got away from Republicans in 2010 and it will be one of two real shots at a pick-up in 2016. A large field has yet to be whittled down.Nevada - Democrats went all in to save US Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in Nevada. Reid will be nearing 80 years old in 2016 and has opted to retire. Republican Congressman Joe Heck will make the open seat immediately competitive.

How to Get into Georgetown: Admissions Requirements

Only 14.5% of applicants are admitted. How can you improve your odds of getting in? Located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., Georgetown University is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institute of higher learning in the United States. The university offers undergraduate programs in five of its schools, including : Georgetown also offers several special programs, including a joint-degree program with the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University, a science and engineering program in which students receive both an A.B. degree from Georgetown and B.S. degree from Columbia in five years. Students may also apply to the Baker Scholars Program, founded by George F. Baker in 1973 to cultivate young business leaders, in their sophomore year. What does it take to get into this prestigious university? Read on to find out. Students must use Georgetown’s application to apply. According to the admissions department, it will take you approximately 15 minutes to fill out your basic information, which initiates the interview process (a representative will contact you to schedule your interview). Other required application materials include: Georgetown strongly recommends submitting the results of three SAT Subject Tests ; you should assume that this is a requirement except in very rare circumstances and choose tests that best correlate to your strengths and intended areas of study. You may also submit additional materials showcasing your music, theater, dance, and studio art talents. Of the 22,897 students who applied for a position in the class of 2022, 3,327 (14.5%) were admitted . This represents a record-low admissions rate for the university. Of the admitted students, 1,700 submitted enrollment deposits. Specific waitlist information is not available, although last year, the university only admitted students applying to the School of Nursing and Health Sciences from its waitlist. The breakdown of standardized test scores for admitted students by school is as follows: Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. As with most highly selective colleges and universities, a stellar academic record is a must in order to be admitted to Georgetown. However, this is only the tip of the iceberg, since many candidates have strong GPAs and standardized tests scores. Georgetown also values thoughtfulness, attention to detail, and strong character. The university was founded based on religious values; that doesn’t mean you must be Catholic to attend—many students aren’t—but you must demonstrate compassion, care, and strong character. That starts with your application. While it may seem tedious to fill out a separate application for one college, the adcom will notice the care and attention you’ve taken (or haven’t). Also, remember that all applicants are offered interviews , and you should take advantage of this opportunity to demonstrate your character and personal attributes. Be sure to emphasize that you are intellectually curious and engaged by discussing personal projects you’ve undertaken, research you’ve conducted, or other activities in which you’ve engaged in and out of the classroom. Diversity is another element Georgetown weighs heavily in the admissions process. Consider its essay prompt : As Georgetown is a diverse community, the Admissions Committee would like to know more about you in your own words. Please submit a brief essay, either personal or creative, which you feel best describes you. (1 page, single-spaced, or approximately 300-400 words depending on font size) This is an opportunity to demonstrate what makes you unique. Diversity does not just mean you come from an underrepresented minority background; it can also mean that you bring special talents, such as an interesting extracurricular or out-of-the-ordinary experience, to the class. While some schools within Georgetown have higher admissions rates and SAT scores than others, that doesn’t mean you’ll have a better chance of acceptance if you apply to one over another. Many of these schools are self-selecting, and the adcom will consider your qualities and demonstrated interests as they align with that school. Show the adcom that you are passionate about your future course of study by applying to the appropriate school. Before you apply, make sure your final list is well-balanced among safety, target, and reach colleges . This will increase your chances of being admitted to a good-fit school. Being denied admission is disappointing, but it’s a tough reality in college admissions. It’s important to take a step back and regroup. If you get rejected from Georgetown, here’s what you can do: Even if Georgetown was your top choice, chances are, you’ll find a way to make a college that did accept you work. College really is what you make of it, and if you put effort into adjusting to another school by joining clubs, working hard in your classes, and cultivating a social life, you’ll likely find that you can make a fulfilling college experience for yourself, even if you end up at a college that wasn’t your top choice. If you had your heart set on Georgetown or received bad news from the other colleges on your list, one option is to take a gap year and reapply next admissions cycle. Keep in mind that this is risky, and it’s often better to accept a spot at another college and take a gap year there. You can also consider transferring after you’ve matriculated elsewhere, although the acceptance rate for transfers is low ; in 2017, for example, 2,175 students who matriculated at other colleges applied for transfer, and 364 were accepted, for an admission rate of 17%. You must excel at your original college in order be accepted as a transfer student; the average college GPA for transfers was 3.83 in 2017. If you do decide to take a gap year, make sure you have a productive plan for the year. You might undertake a research project, volunteer, study to improve your SAT scores, or take classes non-matriculated at a local college.

Behavioral economics & game theory in managerial microeconomics Research Paper

Behavioral economics & game theory in managerial microeconomics - Research Paper Example Consequently, rules are set in a complex manner to ensure a win-win situation for all. This creates difficulties and necessitates systematic analysis prior to the actual occurrence of the situation. In some cases, challenges might arise when a situation is in progress, creating much complexity leading to multiple systems being set up to counter the challenge. In managerial microeconomics, managers face similar situations especially in marketing of products and services. Competitors may keep changing their tactics, in order to keep up with the changing trends in the market. Competitors actions as well as micro and macroeconomic factors beyond the control of firms such as government policies on taxation, social corporate welfare, interest rates, and currency deflation or inflation creates complexity in the business world. In addressing the above challenges among others, managers must thus adopt a game like approach. Representing and Solving Games by Managers in the Business World Assum e the following payoff scenario Company a’s actions High price Low price Company B’s action High price 200A 200B 200A -40B Low price -40A -120B 100A 50B Solution If company B has set a high price then A chooses low price, the B high/Ahigh approach can be ignored. If B sets a low price, then A chooses a low price, the Blow/ Ahigh branch will be impractical. Consequently, B is forced to choose between high price (-40) and a low price (50). In these two scenarios, A must follow B price strategy because they are the dominant strategies. The above scenario illustrates a number of key ideas for managers. In decision making, a set of strategies such that each is best for each player, given that the others are playing their own equilibrium is the...This research paper analyzes the place of game theory and behavioral theory in managerial economics in isolation, then integrates them together, in applying their arguments in addressing real business situations Game theory is complex and involves a lot of difficulties in reasoning A game is any circumstance comprising interdependence amongst players. There are different types of games. This study focuses on co-operative versus non-co-operative games because they involve competition among economic entities, challenging leaders and their management skills. They are characterized by aggressive competition in the business world. Behavioral economics assimilates psychology and economics by recognizing systematic inconsistencies in decision making. These are now recognized to be an essential basis of error in business decisions, they deliver the underpinning for both marketing and finance. At the principal of behavioral economics is the principle that increasing practicality of the psychological underpinnings of economic exploration will improve economics on its own terms, creating theoretical insights, making better predictions of field phenomena. Managerial economics encompasses use of economic approaches of thought to scrutinize business condition. It is the incorporation of economic theory with business practice for the resolve of aiding decision making and accelerative forecasting. In attempts to making optimal decisions, managers should be open minded and extremely flexible, as there is no individual with optimal knowledge.

Terms good and bad Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Terms good and bad Death - Essay Example Green agrees with the classification of good and bad death. He further points out that both types of death are accompanied by varied degrees of grief. So what constitutes a good or bad death? According to Green a good death occurs when one is at peace with himself/herself and has accepted the inevitable occurrence. Think of an old person in a nursing home who has lived his/her life to the fullest and has even written a will. Such a person most probably has children and grand children and has achieved success in this world. The death of such a person can be classified as a good death. The death is predictable and is accompanied by less grief and emotion. Sociologists point out that one of the key characteristics of a â€Å"good death† is that it is predictable. There is also a feeling that death in this case will lessen the pain on the dying and those left behind. Terminal illnesses such as Cancer and AIDS present circumstances where it is felt that death would be a better way out rather than the suffering a patient goes through. It is in these circumstances that doctors recommend euthanasia as a way of ending the suffering of the affected person. In some circumstances, even family members have recommended mercy killing for their loved ones. A case in point was witnessed in California where a man asked doctors to switch off a life machine supporting his wife who had lost consciousness after a tragic accident. To those left behind, this was considered a good death since it had put to an end the suffering of the woman and paved the way for those left behind to move on with the business of life. "Bad death" Young and Cullen (1996) argue that there are some circumstances that result to a bad death both to the affected and those left behind. For instance, the death of a youth in the prime of his/her life is always considered a bad death particularly if it is sudden and unexpected. It takes time for family members to accept the sad situation and the death is accompanied by more emotion and

''Why We Crave Horror Movies'' by Stephen King Essay

''Why We Crave Horror Movies'' by Stephen King - Essay Example However, the guidelines of social morality and socially acceptable behavior, perpetually prevent us from unleashing these urges. Thus, we constantly strive to find, alternative and somewhat more acceptable ways of venting out our feelings of hostility and aggression; and in this quest of ours, we are magnetically drawn towards horror movies. Our Id -and the primitive lust for violence cherished by it - as the Freudians would remark, is able to achieve instant gratification through viewing the harrowing scenes depicted on the screen. Thus, it can be asserted that our craving for horror movies is in a way, a manifestation of the: anger, frustration and aggression that we experience in relation to the society around us. The following discussion will suffice to substantiate this point. It is a commonly observed fact that there is a disparity between our public and private selves. This dichotomy leads to a monstrously twofold existence. Our public self is governed by inhibitions whereas o ur private self constantly yearns to sever itself from the restraints of the more socially poised self. As opposed to the seemingly placid public self, the private self craves for anarchy and social rebellion. It is note-worthy that within each of us resides a spy or an imposter- forever struggling to remain hidden from the outside world. While viewing a grotesque scene or a horror movie, this imposter overshadows the much civil public self and assumes a dominant role.

Why People Commit Suicide Essay

Why People Commit Suicide Essay Suicide is a very complex subject triggered by various multifaceted factors. The failure to meet ones expectations which may have been instilled as early as childhood may bring about a wide variety of emotions leading to people committing suicide for various reasons. Depression, physical or sexual abuse, horrible disappointments, severe financial loss, mental or emotional disorders, all trigger feelings of emptiness and hopelessness and are just some of the few psychological factors which may influence an individuals final and distorted decision of committing suicide as a means to put an end to these insufferable emotions. The foregoing, however, is just a superficial analysis touching merely upon the surface of the deep-seated source of suicide. This paper will thus attempt to provide a more in depth analysis of why people commit suicide by looking primarily at the sociological factors and in particular in relation to Durkheims work. Durkheim defines suicide as a general state of extreme depression and exaggerated sadness, causing the patient no longer to realize sanely the bonds which connect him with the people and things about him -pleasures no longer attract [Durkheim, 1951:63]. Durkheim further stated that man cannot become attached to higher aims and submit to a rule if he sees nothing above him to which he belongs to free him from allsocial pressure is to abandon him to himself and demoralize him [Durkheim,1951:110]. In Durkheims Interdiction To Suicide: A Study in Sociology, Durkheim expresses his concern in developing the conduct of sociology. He sees the main problem to be that sociology is mostly constructed on philosophical overviews, and does not answer the exact social questions. He suggests a methodology that will give the science of sociology strong baselines and real results. In his book, Durkheim applies these propositions and shows how sociology should be conducted, and firmly draws conclusions that expose to us the way in which we should be able to approach the difficulties of society. This study has been presented in such a way that it is probable to assess the relevance and accuracy of its meanings and deductions. Durkheim gives the importance of sociology far more than being just a tool to fix the world, but it is a lens, through which we see reality as a shared reality, one included of individuals who are determined by their realities.In this introductory chapter he investigates the act of suicide and explores its social roots by examining suicide rates in different social classes and correlating that with the characteristics of the society.(Durkheim, 1970) A differentiation is made between two types of suicide, positive and negative. In Durkheims words suicide is thus described as all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result [Durkheim, 1986:64]. A positive performance would be to discharge or to suspend an act. In this case, death comes as a straight product of the action. A negative act would be the scenario of remaining in a burning house or to refuse eating to the point of hunger. Death in this case is the indirect result of an individuals act. Durkheim believed that the areas with the highest rates of mental illnesses and alcoholism are not necessarily the areas with the highest suicide rates. Esquirol wrote that suicide may be seen to be for us only a phenomenon resulting from many different causes and appearing under many different forms; and it is clear that this phenomenon is not characteristic of a disease. [Esquirol, 1838:528]. Durkheim believed that suicide is not an individual act nor a personal achievement. It is produced by some power which is over and above the individual. Durkheim studied suicide vis a vis the relationship between individuals and society affirmed that suicide is a social phenomenon as well as establishing that there are no societies in which suicide does not occur. He asserted that what most people regard as an individual act is, in reality, the result of the social world. The evidence supporting this view are numerous. In addition to the stark differentiation made between positive and negative acts of suicide, Durkheims research concluded that the institution of marriage protects against suicide making the observation that suicide rates are higher among people that have lost their spouse and those who are divorced. Furthermore, Durkheim observes that suicide rates are higher among couples who have no children than couples who do, concluding that a human being needs to be loved and have a purpose in life. People who do not experience love in their life are the ones more susceptible to suicide. (Durkheim, 1951). The institution of marriage may thus play a vital role in ones decision to commit suicide. Whether marriage should be viewed positively in relation to suicide is however debatable. While on the one hand marriage may play a role in protecting against suicide by providing love, purpose, and stability in ones life it may, on the other hand, be a volatile institution that once shattered may inste ad be an instigator of suicide. Durkheim interestingly further observed that suicide rates are higher during times of peace than times of war because during the war people need to be unified in defending their country (Durkheim, 1951). This observation may, therefore, suggest that feelings of patriotism, honour as well as purpose tends to distant an individual from suicide. Furthermore, suicide rates also tend to be higher during rapid economic changes than in economic crises as rapid economic changes are sudden and difficult to endure. (Durkheim, 1951). This observation made by Durkheim may suggest that people are required to work harder in such economic times constantly being pushed to their limits in order to keep up with such rapid changes bringing about feelings of despair, restlessness and being under appreciated. According to Durkheims research, religion may also have an affect on suicide rates. Durkheims collected data suggested that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics, due to the fact that Protestants are more idiosyncratic while Catholics are more communitarian (Durkheim, 1951). In other words, Catholics tend to have more social support. According to Durkheim people connecting and validating each other within a community plays an important role in preventing suicide making this kind of social integration important. Without this type of connection, people may experience feelings of depression and isolation pushing them towards suicide. Durkheim, however, seemed to identify two sides of the coin in relation to social integration, pointing out that where social integration is high people are more likely to commit suicide in order to avoid becoming burdens to society. Two distinct features are therefore identified by Durkheim; namely, social regulation and social integ ration. Integration is described as the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people[Ritzer, 1992:90]. Based on these two social forces, four types of suicide have been proposed by Durkheim. Durkheim differentiated between four types of suicide, the first being egoistic suicide. Egoistic suicide is viewed as stemming from an absence of social integration and is committed by people who are outcast by society and are insufficiently integrated into social groups and societies, they depend more on themselves than on a group of objectives and instructions. They are not socially combined or not socially tied to a community or group. These types of individuals find themselves powerless in finding their own individual place in society and experience problems adjusting to other groups and are given little or no social care. Suicide is therefore perceived as a solution to free themselves of the loneliness or excessive isolation. Durkheim points out that this type of suicide is mostly prevalent amongst those who are unmarried, widowed, divorced, have no children as well as those without any strong attachments to religious, social or community groups.(Durkheim,1951) The second type of suicide identified by Durkheim is anomic suicide. Anomic suicide is viewed by Durkheim as disillusionment and disappointment occurring when a person goes through extreme changes in wealth and is ultimately caused by a lack of social regulation. This type of suicide is most notable at times when society is rapidly changing leading to uncertainty. It is a type of suicide that stems from sudden and unexpected changes which Durkheim found mostly occurs during rapid economic changes than in economic crises. Durkheim interestingly points out that suicide is more evident in crisis that brings out disturbances in ones life rather than being attributed to poverty[Durkheim,1951:245]. Altruistic suicide is the third type of suicide that has been identified and according to Durkheim, this type of suicide occurs when individuals or a group are too close and intimate and stems from being overly integrated into society. It is the other side of the spectrum in social integration when an individual is so well integrated into society that they choose to sacrifice their own life in order to fulfil some obligation. Altruistic suicide, being a complex concept, can further be broken down into three types: optional, acute and obligatory altruistic suicide. Optional altruistic suicide is brought about by societal pressures that may, in fact, be well-intentioned. This can be seen in Japan where there is a high level of suicide amongst students because of stress and high expectations from others and the constant pressure to excel at school exams. Often the accompanying stress and anxiety push them to commit suicide; suicide in the victims perspective becomes the answer to freedo m of oppression from what society expects individuals to be. Acute altruistic suicide occurs when an individual kills himself in order to save another life. For example when a fire-fighter saves a person from a burning fire but the fire-fighter dies as a result. This is an act of heroism and self-sacrifice. It could be argued that it may by flawed to categories this as a type of suicide because suicide is mainly associated with a troublesome and stressed life, when in fact such an act may be a form of the righteous act. Obligatory altruistic suicidal refers to a type of suicidal where respect and honour plays an important factor. For example in India, Hindu women should kill themselves during their husbands funeral as an act of honour expressing that life after the death of their spouse was not worth living. If women from these communities insisted on living the y would lose public respect; in some cases, the usual funeral honours are denied, in another a life of horror is supposed to await him beyond the grave (Durkheim,1951).Connect these two paragraphs. Durkheim points out that altruistic suicide is part of the collective spirit (Durkheim,1970). For example, when the spirit inquires you to do something you are obliged to do so and which we, therefore, see in environments where society places a substantial amount of pressure and expectations on individuals which may, in turn, push an individual towards suicide as a means of escape. The final type of suicide is fatalistic suicide. Durkheim discussed this type briefly because it was seen as a rare phenomenon in the real world. Fatalistic suicide occurs in social conditions where an individual experiences universal persecution resulting from excessive regulation whose passions [were] violently choked by oppressive discipline(Durkheim,1970). Slavery and persecution are examples of fatalistic suicide in which an individual may feel that they are destined by fate to be in such conditions and choose suicide as the only means to escape such conditions These four types of suicide are categorised by the degree of integration and regulation of individuals in their surrounding society. According to Durkheim people commit suicide because of either too high or too low integration or regulation, Suicide is a social fact and is due to social forces. Individuals are more likely to commit suicide each time the condition of society leaves from a state of stability. Society preserves stability by integration and regulation Durkheims work has been critiqued on many grounds, for example, his emphasis on consensus and morality , thanhis positivist method and negligence of the individual as an actor, his description of suicide rates. Durkheims concept of suicide is thought to be more reinforced by argument than by fact. However, he is contributed to the growth of sociology and over a difficult theoretical framework To conclude suicide is not an individual act it is a social act. People commit suicide because they are not supported by society or they do not feel loved by their own family. If a person has no support in his life and no one to care about thenthey can feel valueless and this will lead to depression which may lead to suicide. Suicide rates are correlated with how well a person is integrated into society and the degree to which society regulates individual behavior. In general, suicide has some connection with social rules or standards and the individual.